PLD4Energy
                    Metal-oxide thin films have promising applications in many
                    energy devices such as batteries, solar cells and
                    electro-chemical cells. Hence, the Dutch Institute For
                    Energy Research (DIFFER) has commissioned the development of
                    a state-of-the-art pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) research
                    cluster containing multiple ultra-high vacuum deposition
                    chambers to grow films upto 4" in diameter.
                    Users are provided with variety of conventional and novel
                    in-situ diagnostics to determine film stoichiometry,
                    composition, thickness, opto-electrical properties and
                    structure in real-time. This allows one to quickly optimize
                    growth recipes and material properties. 
                    The back-bone of the research cluster is being realized by
                    DEMCON TSST. While separate diagnostics are being realized
                    by third party companies. 
                    As Ratio, we fulfill the role of system architect from
                    initial idea, through conceptual design, tendering, detail
                    design, testing and operational usage over a period of five
                    years.